Conflict Within The Mythology Of The Iliad By Homer

Conflict is defined as the act of coming to disagreement or the clashing of opposing forces. These events are usually rife with emotion and struggle between the forces as they try to combat each other through various means. There are many catalysts to these struggles that range from internal conflict to that of external conflicts. One case of this is explored within The Iliad by Homer. Written within the Bronze Age, it depicts the events that took place during the Trojan War between 1194- 1184 BC. This war is initiated by the Judgement of Paris, which was ultimately won by the .within the Rage of Achilles, detailing the plight that Achilles had faced during the Trojan War caused by the relinquishing of his trophy/wife, Briseis. Another example of conflict can be found within The Metamorphoses by Ovid, which is a collection of mythical short stories that commonly involve the Greek gods in mortal affairs which usually leads to some form of conflict arising. For instance, the story of P ygmalion is about a Greek sculptor who was consumed with his ideal of the human figure. His ideal human figure is unattainable due to how unrealistically perfect it seemed. So he sculpted his ideal woman out of ivory and thus after worshipped it. While Achilles and Pygmalion are from two very different walks of life they both suffer conflicts that deal with their psyche and the people they live amongst. While the Illiad encompasses the conflict between the Trojans andShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythologies: Gods and Mortals in Greek Literature1714 Words   |  7 PagesGreek mythologies arise from various cultural aspects of the Greek society; however, the role of the divinities in human affairs is particularly accentuated in most, if not all, Greek mythologies. Nevertheless, each author displays the role of divinities and supernatural differently, as Homer in The Odyssey and The Iliad displays direct interaction between the supernatural divinities and the mortals. On the other hand, Sophocles’ Antigone lessens such interactions and emphasizes the human role, whileRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey977 Words   |  4 Pagesthemes in the majority of Ancient Greek mythology is the act of divine intervention. In Greece during ancient times the polytheism of the people played a very large part in each aspect of their daily lives, so it was only natural for them to be included in their mythology. There is not a single Greek myth in history that does not contain some mention of at the very least a single god who played a part in the tale. In one way or another, gods within mythology affect the characters of the myths, theRead MoreExistentialism And Akhilleus : State Of Affairs1182 Words   |  5 PagesAkhilleus’ State of Affairs in Homer’s Iliad Existentialism is a philosophy that deals with human existence. This philosophy is a complex subject that asks questions about life that include meaning, purpose, choice, morality, ideology, and individuality. When reading other texts one could easily make connections to existential themes within the book’s literary tropes. Occasionally, some books have an overloaded abundance of existential themes. Homer’s Iliad is one of the books that comprise of anRead MoreHelen Of Troy1455 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Helen of Troy In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy, also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and was a sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra. In Greek myths, she was considered the most beautiful woman in the world. By marriage she was Queen of Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife of King Menelaus. Her abduction by Paris, Prince of Troy, brought about the Trojan War. Elements of her putative biography come from classical authors such as Aristophanes, CiceroRead MoreGreek Mythology And The Mythology1154 Words   |  5 Pagesand lessons of Greek mythology have shaped art and literature for thousands of years. Later Greek writers and artists used and elaborated upon these sources in their own work. Did you know that in ancient Greece, stories about gods and goddesses and heroes and monsters were an important part of everyday life. They explained everything from rituals to the weather, and they gave meaning to the world people saw around them. Many consumer p roducts get their names from Greek mythology. For example sportsRead MoreOverview of Greek Mythology2666 Words   |  11 Pages Greek mythology is a body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks concerning Titans, gods, and heroes. According to Alan Dundes, a myth is a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind assumed their present form (Dundes 1). Though now it may be referred to as mythology, to the ancient Greeks it was an aspect of their religion. Like many other pre-Christian societies, the ancient Greeks deemed things that were important in their lives, such as fire, water, air, andRead MoreHamlet and Archilles1101 Words   |  4 Pagesemotions and motivations. The Following stories are perfect examples of those elements. Revenge, love, lust, betrayal, loss and grief are all powerful storytelling tools and powerful elements within stories. But stories are also specific, about specific people, specific times and specific cultures. The Iliad is a sweeping war story that ends in the victory of the Greeks even at great costs for the victors. Hamlet is more of a personal tragedy that ends in defeat and death for all. The major playersRead MoreYear 11 Ancient History, Historical Investigation- Troy.1937 Words   |  8 Pages____________________________________________________________ ___ The Trojan war was a ten year siege on the city of the city of Troy at the hands of the Greek forces led by a psychopathic king, Agamemnon. This conflict, which took place about 1200 B.C has become one of the most well known Greek mythology events in history. In the 13th century B.C, Troy and Sparta had stopped their wars and become allies, this was until Paris the youngest prince of Troy seduced Helen, the Queen of Sparta and left with herRead MoreAchilles : Moral Guide? Or Moral Taboo?1572 Words   |  7 Pagesto what extent the differences stretched until I read the Iliad. What is the Iliad you might ask? Well, the Iliad is series of eye opening stories that were written by Homer in 800 B.C.E. This collection of writings is defined as an epic poem written in dactylic hexameter, and was set during the time period in which the ten year siege of Troy, commonly known as the Trojan War, was taking place. This was not only a telling of the conflicts between the mighty Achilles along with his warriors and KingRead MoreThe Greek Mythology Of Women1820 Words   |  8 PagesThe Greeks’ most important legacy is not being pioneers in democracy as we would think: it is their mythology. In general, we only know what male writers tell us women thought, because there were little to no women writers. However, the Greeks attributed to women a capacity for understanding that we do not always find in the other great literary traditions such as the Bible . Ancient Greek mythology depicts women as a source of creation of the mythological universe, the creation of mu lti-gendered

Plagiarism in Something Borrowed by Malcolm Gladwell

Malcolm Gladwell wrote â€Å"Sometheing Borrowed: Should a charge of plagiarism ruin your life† in â€Å"What the Dog Saw: And other Adventures.† Gladwell’s main point in his story is that plagiarism is unfair and dishonest. He then goes on to discuss the many facets of plagiarism; like melodies in songs and picnic tables. Gladwell wants people who are interested in the arts and humanities to read this because he pulls pieces of music, art and literature to use as examples since plagiarism is a key component in these areas. This is because people change up others work and make it into their own for the world to develop and grow. Malcolm Gladwell explains that when an idea goes public, people are allowed to copy it and make others work into â€Å"a grander cause.† Overall I think Gladwell was trying to focus on why ideas are plagiarized and their reasoning behind it, rather than just focusing on the fact that it was plagiarized. Gladwell starts off by int roducing a psychiatrist by the name of Dorothy Lewis whose work and life had been amalgamated in a Broadway play called â€Å"Frozen.† Lewis’s friends had continuously nagged her to go see the play, after a short few months she received a phone call from the theatre production of â€Å"frozen† asking her if she would do a talk-back after the play. Before she accepted to do it she asked if she could read the script. After reading it she realized that Bryon Lavery not only took her work but â€Å"violated† her as well. At the time LaveryShow MoreRelatedChanging Views of Plagiarism1270 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Changing Views of Plagiarism One author calls plagiarism the cardinal sin of journalism (Fox) implying that it is the worst possible thing that a reporter can do. This is what is taught in most journalism (Fox) and composition classes, but is that statement still true. More and more students and others are using words that they have mixed (Kulish) with their original musings into a finished original. The sin of plagiarism is getting an updated look now because it has become easier to accomplishRead MorePlagiarism: The Blurred Line of Literature Essay examples1094 Words   |  5 PagesIf anything is held to the highest value in any array of schools, it is a policy against plagiarism. Academics understand the severity that plagiarism can hold, especially since many of them tend to do it to each other. In 2005, Melissa Elias, who was at the time the President of the Madison School Board, gave a commencement speech that had several sections that were plagiarized from a speech Anna Quindlen, a Pulitzer Prize winne r author, had given to Mount Holyoke in 1999. Kaavya Viswanathan, aRead MoreIt s All About The Presentation1333 Words   |  6 Pagessubstance themselves cannot be. In recent discussions of copyright, the issue has been chefs copying others and calling it theirs; however, putting recipes under patents is ineffective because another chef could just omit an ingredient or add something to make it a completely different recipe. On the other hand, some argue that the way ingredients are assembled cannot be restricted; however, others insist that it is how the ingredients are prepared and put in order that make a dish individual.

Guide to Survivng Free Essays

Guide to surviving the A200 exam Exams can be daunting but with the right preparation you can remove some of the stress. Start by thinking about the purpose of the exam and the skills and knowledge it will test. The A200 exam tests your knowledge of the module and the skills you have learnt during your study. We will write a custom essay sample on Guide to Survivng or any similar topic only for you Order Now You have already practiced these in your assignments. Part 1 of the Exam tests your ability to analyse a source. You did this in TMA 01 and TMA 03 and in the activities in the module blocks. Part 2 tests your ability write an essay in response to a question. You have practiced this in TMA 02 to TMA 05. Part 3 asks you to answer a question about one of the course themes. You practised this in TMA 06. The big difference between the exam and the TMA is the time constraint: you have to answer questions that you have not seen beforehand in timed conditions. You can prepare for this by revising the skills and topics that you have studied in A200 and by familiarising yourself with the sort of questions that will come up. Exam preparation Familiarise yourself with the exam: study the Specimen Exam Paper and the Advanced Notification of Texts and Topics so that you know how the exam paper will be set out and the sorts of questions that will come up. Think about the format of the paper and the kinds of essays you are required to write. The A200 Exam has three parts. Each part requires you to write a slightly different type of answer in response to a question. For Part 1 you have to answer a question based on a source. Part 2 requires you to write a traditional essay in response to a question on one of the blocks and Part 3 asks you to write an essay that considers the course themes over two or more blocks of the module. Use the Advance Notification to focus your revision. This tells you which blocks will be examined in Parts 1 and 2. It also gives you a hint of the topic that will come up in relation to the module themes in Part 3. Revise. There are no hard and fast rules on how to do this. You need to find out what works for you. There are revision tips on the Skills for OU Study website: http://www. pen. ac. uk/skillsforstudy/. Remember to refresh your understanding of skills such as how to analyse a source and how to construct an argument with evidence, as well as the themes and topics you have studied. Practice writing by hand under a time constraint. If you use computers a lot you may not be used to writing by hand. Seeing how much you can write in an hour will help you to pace yourself on th e day. Remember the longest answers are not necessarily the best. Focused essays that clearly address the question, regardless of length, usually get the best marks. Also remember that writing an essay on a computer, when you can draft and redraft, is not the same process as writing a one-off exam answer. You are advised, therefore, to practice answering exam questions by hand, in the allotted time, to ensure you can develop a good structure, organise your material and develop a coherent argument in such circumstances On the day Don’t panic. Take time to read through the paper. Follow the rubric. Read the instructions on the front of the exam paper and make sure you follow them. Remember you have to answer one question from each of the three parts. Remember also that there should be no significant overlap in the content of your different answers. You can answer questions in any order. You might want to start with the question you are most confident with. This may help you to get going. Answer the question set. Don’t be tempted to include irrelevant material or write an answer to a question you had hoped would have come up. Structure your answer carefully. Take time to write a plan. Make sure your answer has an introduction, middle and a conclusion. Construct an argument with evidence, don’t simply narrate or describe a series of events or, in the case of Part 1, recount the contents of the document. Pull out the significance of the points you make and show their relevance to the question. Manage your time effectively. Don’t spend too long on one question and risk running out of time on others. You will need to spend about an hour on each question. Answer all the questions. A weak answer to a question will gain more marks than no answer at all. If you run out of time make a brief note of the key points you wanted to include. In summary Exams are an essential aspect of degree level study. They test your knowledge of the module and the skills you have learnt throughout your study. Remember you have already practiced these skills in your assignments. In your TMAs you will have learnt how to construct an argument with evidence, evaluate sources and understand and engage with historical debates. The big difference in the exam is the time constraint. Familiarising yourself with the layout of the paper, revising topics and reminding yourself of the skills you need to demonstrate will help you to respond better to unseen questions in timed conditions. How to cite Guide to Survivng, Essay examples

Electronic Data Systems Case Study free essay sample

A business-to-business analysis of the company, Electronic Data Systems. This paper provides a brief analysis of Electronic Data Systems (EDS) business-to-business E-business solutions. A company as well as an industry analysis is provided, including strategy, strengths, weaknesses and a financial analysis. The paper shows that since most IT services companies are isolated from the overall economic cycle, EDS should remain strong in the future. The company is well positioned to take advantage of future opportunities, the paper argues, based on its continued history of long-term contract management experience and high customer retention rates. Business and technology are in the convergence process, spawning a surge in the IT services industry and providing numerous opportunities for those firms who are situated to handle the large influx of potential business. These opportunities have been brought about by several factors in the economy of the past decade. Company Profile Historical Background The EDS Timeline Corporate Leadership Company Strategy EDS: Industry Performance Corporate Milestones Significant Contracts

Why I Chose My Major free essay sample

The first time I realized that I wanted to be an engineer was during my sophomore year of high school while taking a CAD class. I was working on a project where we needed to improve an existing product. Doing this project helped me realize how satisfying it was to research a product, find a creative way to make it better, and model your idea into a prototype. My choice to pursue engineering was made clear during my junior year in my PLTW and physics classes. PLTW confirmed my interest in engineering through the many projects we did throughout the year, and physics helped me discover my interest in electronics. Currently, during my senior year, I am taking a digital electronics course, which is already one of my favorite classes I have taken throughout all of high school. Apart from my math and science based classes, my experience with the band program during high school has also helped me realize that engineering is for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Chose My Major or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In band, especially marching band, a tremendous amount of teamwork is required to sound good. As a member of the drum line, everyone needs to work together and practice extensively so we can all sound like one person. Also, the drum line needs to be able to work well with the band so everyone can blend well to play as well as we can. This teamwork is very similar to what is required as an engineer. Everyone needs to be able to contribute and listen to others’ ideas in order for the best solution to come out of their project. High school has helped me realize who I am and what I want to become, and college will help me become that person.

Internet, Facebook, Google Talk, email, MS word Essays

Internet, Facebook, Google Talk, email, MS word Essays Internet, Facebook, Google Talk, email, MS word Essay Internet, Facebook, Google Talk, email, MS word Essay Essay Topic: Talk The Good Morrow by John Donne-a Flawless Metaphysical Poem The Good Morrow is a typical Donnian love poem, divided into three stanzas. Its one of those love poems in which he praises the spiritual relationship between men and women and hails it so ardently. In the opening stanza, the poet expresses his wonder as to what he and his beloved did before they fell in love with each other. He becomes surprised remembering their past love experiences. He compares the love experiences of himself and his beloved with weaning, falsely sucking country pleasures and snorting. The reference to hese three physical activities indicates that they spent a life of worldly enjoyment. But now the poet using the conjunction But makes a contrast and says that all these past physical activities seem to be utterly meaningless. The closing two lines of the first stanza imply that though the poet indulged himself in country pleasures, he has never been unmindful to perfect beauty of id eal spiritual love, which he always desired and has finally got in his present beloved. Obviously there is a shift from physical to spiritual love, sleeping to waking period, sensuous appearances to ideal reality and as if from platonic cave to the world of ight in the poet and his beloved. Here the poet seems to have touched the metaphysics of Plato. In his metaphysics, Plato at first takes something concrete such as man, but soon he leaps into abstract namely the Form of man. Similarly Donne also begins with physical love and soon he turns to Platonic or metaphysical love. The first stanza contains several Donnian elements. It opens abruptly with an explosive question. This abrupt colloquial beginning, which is so characteristic of Donne startles us and captures our attention. Another noticeable thing is that Donne swears his true relation l wonder by my troth. Here he is unconventional. Any of his contemporary of Elizabethan poets might swear to God, but Donne has not done it. Then there are the references of physical union and the use of imageries in the following three lines. The fourth line contains a legendary conceit,a legend that tells of seven young men of Ephesus who took refuge in a cave during the persecution of Diocletian and were entombed there. They were found alive two centuries later. Here Donne compares himself and his beloved with the seven sleepers. Here he is cynical when he utters the word did. Surely the word did includes the connotations of exual doing what did we ever do with the time? The second stanza begins with hail and celebration. The unconscious past of flesh is over and a new conscious spiritual relationship begins. So the speaker cerebrates the present. Now good morrow to our waking souls. He also makes declaration that their souls have also learnt not to spy one another. That the married women or men involve in extra-marital affair was a dominant theme in the Elizabethan and Jacobean literature. So, fear only works in sensual lovers as motivation for watching over each other, least the other should become unfaithful to his or her mate. But the speaker nd his beloved have overcome this fear and a peaceful satisfaction prevails their love. And for their faithful love they will control the temptations of other things. They love so faithfully and ardently that their love has the force to be merged into the universal love and to move out to become an every where. As spiritual lovers, the poet and his beloved are indifferent to earthly pleasures and possessions let the sea-lovers and map-lovers do what they like to do. The lovers want to be happy with their Joint world though they have their individual worlds but their individual worlds are fused into a single world. Now they are the Joint owners of a single world. Here in this stanza, we find the presence of imagery from the contemporary geographical world. That is to say the contemporary geographical interest of the explorers. The third stanza opens with endearing words from the speaker. The two lovers stand so closely that their respective faces are reflected in each others eyes. The simplicity of their heart is also reflected in their faces, which are conceived as two hemispheres of their world. But their world of love is so unearthly that its hemispheres are free from coldness and decay. They are not afraid of separation or break up of their relation, because What ever dyes, was not mixt equality. The ingredients of their love have been proportionately mixed and there is no ware and woof between them. They have love equally and proportionately. Thus the poem ends with the establishment of true friendship. After an abrupt beginning, there is calmness at last. The couple has rejected the country pleasures and entered into a true inter-dependent friendship. They have renounced the mundane world in order possess an unearthly world. Experience has thought them that the true happiness can be achieved through a mutual spiritual friendship. In the first stanza, there is the regret for past doings, in the second stanza the pleasure of discovering something in the last stanza, the prospect/hope of doing better/using the discovery. The abrupt beginning of the poem, the use of conceits form everyday life and myth in the first stanza, the geographical reference of stanza two, the use of scholastic philosophy in stanza three, and ultimately the emphasis of spiritual love continue to make it one of those poems of Donne which combine intellect and emotion. These above motioned qualities have made the poem get a certain place in honored, treasured lyrics written by John Donne.

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Death Penalty - Essay Example The crimes that were punishable by death at this time were numerous unlike in the modern society, which has first degree murder as the major crime punishable by death. Under Hammurabi code, crimes such as adultery, petty robbery cases, wrongful accusation of individuals among others were regarded as capital offenses. This paper is a critical evaluation of death penalty as a component of criminal justice. Death Penalty Death penalty is a punishment in the criminal justice system, which has continued to attract criticism and support from various quarters such as human rights activists, religious groups as well as the society at large. As stated earlier, it is not a new phenomenon unique to the contemporary society as even the ancient societies applied it even though with little regard to human life. In this context, the manner in which it was applied especially in the Babylonian society under King Hammurabi showed that there was little will on the part of the authorities to offer convi cted criminals the chance to redeem themselves and reintegrate with the society (Brians, 1999). However, the contemporary society has tried to rectify this by limiting the punishable crimes to those of high gravity such as murder, genocide, treason among others. On the other hand, some of the countries around the world have decided, through legislation, to ban the death penalty altogether while others have remained adamant and still use it to date. Some of the countries that has banned it include and not limited to Argentina, Spain and Australia while those where it is still considered legal include and not limited to the US, China, Korea, Egypt, Japan among others. In total, it is believed that more than 139 countries worldwide have banned its use. The most conventional methods of execution to date include and not limited to; hanging, being shot by firing squad, electric chair, gas chamber among others (Bedau, 2004). This is in contrast with the ancient methods of execution, which can be termed as primitive, inhumane as they were more bent towards making the convicted criminal experience pain and humiliation. In fact, some sources indicate that such societies believed in the ‘tit for tat’ and the ‘an eye for an eye’ principles. Convicts were either beaten to death, burned alive, crucifixion while others were drowned in water (Brians, 1999). Recidivism is a major concern for proponents of death penalty (McCafferty, 2009). This is the habit of convicted criminals returning into crime once they are released from prison after completing their jail terms. It is for this reason that death penalty is perceived as a permanent way of incapacitating the criminals from ever committing other felonies. Opponents on the other hand claim that instead of killing the culprits, they should be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. However this may sound convincing, it does not escape the minds of the proponents that jailing a criminal only lim its his or her rights to freedom but this does not mean that they lose contact with the outside world. In this context, it is true to say that the criminals can still plan with the help of accomplices especially where criminal gangs are involved. This may turn out to

Visual Anaysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visual Anaysis - Essay Example One of the objectives of modern art is to express the artist’s thoughts and emotions by following what is deemed right by the artist wherein to cubists, form alone defines the subject thus, the use of geometric figures to bring out the form of the subject matter. Juan Gris, a Spanish cubist artist portrayed a self portrait of the bench marker of the cubism period, Pablo Picasso, in the vantage point of their contemporaries with the same vision in his work entitled Portrait of Pablo Picasso (The Art Institute of Chicago). The general form of the painting shows a man seated and exhibits him to be well dressed though not very recognizable for a viewer to really be sure of what details one can decipher from the painting. As what would have been expected from a cubist, Gris used a lot of lines, cubes and other geometric figures to bring out the three dimensional view of his subject however, distorting the real appearance of the image. Being called analytical, the cubist painters we re said to have analyzed their subject to come up with the products like the aforementioned art work and among others, Mandolin and Clarinet by Pablo Picasso and Armored Train in Action by Gino Severini.

Mexico Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mexico - Case Study Example Large numbers of multinational automobile manufacturers are either shifting their base from Canada to Mexico or are limiting their operations in Canada and expanding the same in Mexico (Althaus â€Å"Mexico Sets Auto Production Record, Aims for More†). Mexico has gained significant attention of automotive producers, as a result of several factors that deliver geographical and other competitive advantages to manufacturers. These advantages include extremely low wage rate, free trade agreements with approximately 45 countries across the globe, well-developed transport system with year-round ice free coastal ports and high level of financial incentives from Mexican government. Owing to these features, global automakers announced investment of $7 billion in Mexico as opposed to $750 million in Canada. Mexico’s stable and lucrative business environment has caused most automakers to adopt global strategy for business expansion (Keenan â€Å"Mexico races ahead in auto industry as Canada stalls†). Contextually, it is imperative to comprehend the distinction between international and global strategies even though they are frequently used interchangeably. These differentiating factors are degree of central involvement and coordination in strategic activities, degree of standardization in products and responsiveness towards local business environment and strategic integration and competitive steps. Since internationalization in Mexico is mainly about achieving competitiveness in production and operations, almost all companies adopt global strategy (Twarowska and Kakol 1005-1011). Under the purview of global strategy, most automakers ensure and exercise central control over production in Mexico and as automotive industry is about ensuring standardization in products, global strategy is most effective herein. Unlike international

Emotion Recognition From Text-a Survey

Emotion Recognition From Text-a Survey Ms. Pallavi D. Phalke , Dr. Emmanuel M. ABSTRACT Emotion is a very important facet of human behaviour which affect on the way people interact in the society. In recent year many methods on human emotions recognition have been published such as recognizing emotion from facial expression and gestures, speech and by written text. This paper focuses on classification of emotion expressed by the online text, based on predefined list of emotion. The collection of dataset is the basic step, which is collected from the various sources like daily used sentences, user status from various social networking websites such as  facebook and twitter. Using this data set we target only on the keywords that show human emotions. The targeted keywords are extracted from the dataset and translated into the format which can be processed by the classifier to finally generate the Predicting model which is further compared by the test dataset to give the emotions in the input sentences or documents. Keywords— Affective Computing, Classification, Document Categorization, Emotion Detections. INTRODUCTION Recently much research is going on in emotion recognition domain. Recognition of emotions is very useful to human-machine communication. Many kinds of the communication system can react properly for the humans emotional actions by applying emotion recognition techniques on them. These systems include dialogue system, automatic answering system and robot. The recognition of emotion has been implemented in many kinds of media, such as image, speech, facial expressions, signal, textual data, and so on. Text is the most popular and main tool for the human to convey messages, communicate thoughts and express inclination. Textual data make it possible for people to exchange opinions, ideas, and emotions using text only. Therefore the research for recognizing from the textual data is valuable. Keyword-based approach to the proposed system since the keyword-based approach shows high recognizing accuracy for emotional keywords. Interaction between humans and computers has been increased with increase in development of information technology. Recognizing emotion in text from document or sentences is the first step in realizing this new advanced communication which includes communication of information such as how the writer/speaker feels about the fact or how they want the reader/listener to feel. Analyzing text, detecting emotions is useful for many purposes, which includes identifying what emotion a newspaper headline is trying to evoke, identifying users emotion from their statuses of different social networking sites, devising dialogue systems that respond appropriately to different emotional states of the user and identifying blogs that express specific emotions towards the topic of interest. List of emotions and words that are indicative of each emotion is likely to be useful in identifying emotions in text because, many times different emotions are expressed by different words. For example cry and glo omy are indicative of sadness, boiling and shout are indicative of anger, yummy and delightful indicate the emotion of joy. To capture emotion from text document we require the classification which aims at presume the emotion conveyed by the documents based on predefined lists of emotion, such as Joy, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Sad and Surprise. This emotion recognition approach is mainly focused on two main tasks. 1) The test data that is text document collected from any news articles, user statuses from different social networking sites etc. required for understanding the emotions evoked by words. This is because a different word arouses different emotions comprehended from our day to day experiences. For this purpose, need is to enhanced dictionary with emotion word from ISEAR, WorldNet Affect to improve in result. 2) Need for text normalization to handle negation, since the scope of words is larger in this scenario, the usage of words and their diverted form is large too. So these problems need to be solved properly. The next part of this paper is organised as follows: Section II discusses a survey of emotion detection from text, Section III describes different algorithms on different datasets for emotion recognition, Section IV briefly compares proposed work followed by experimental study with result in section V and Section V concludes the paper. THE SURVEY OF EMOTION DETECTION FROM TEXTS Definitions about emotion, its categories, and their influences have been an important research issue long before computers emerged, so that the emotional state of a person may be inferred under different situations. In its most common formulation, the emotion detection from text problem is reduced to finding the relations between specific input texts and the actual emotions that drives the author to type/write in such styles. Intuitively, finding the relations usually relies on specific surface texts that are included in the input texts, and other deeper inferences that will be formally discussed below. Once the relations can be determined, they can be generalized to predict others’ emotions from their articles, or even single sentences. At the first glance, it does not seem to involve so many difficulties. In real life, different people tend to use similar phrases (i.e. â€Å"Oh yes!†) to express similar feelings (i.e. joy) under similar circumstances (i.e. achieving a goal); even they native languages are different, the mapping of such phrases from each language may be obvious. More formally, the emotion detection from text problem can be formulated as follows: Let E be the set of all emotions, A be the set of all authors, and let T be the set of all possible representations of emotion-expressing texts. Let r be a function to reflect emotion e of author a from text t, i.e., r: A Ãâ€" T → E and the function r would be the answer to our problem. The central problem of emotion detection systems lies in that, though the definitions of E and T may be straightforward from the macroscopic view, the definitions of individual element, even subsets in both sets of E and T would be rather confusing. On one hand, for the set T, new elements may add in as the languages are constantly evolving. On the other hand, currently there are no standard classifications of â€Å"all human emotions† due to the complex nature of human minds, and any emotion classifications can only be seen as â€Å"labels† annotated afterwards for different purposes. As a result, before seeking the relation function r, all related research firstly define the classification system of emotion classifications, defining the number of emotions. Secondly, after finding the relation function r or equivalent mechanisms, they still need to be revised over time to adopt changes in the set T. In the following subsections, we will present a classification of emotion detection methods proposed in the literature, based on how detection are made. Although they can all be classified into content-based approaches from the point of view of information retrieval, their problem formulation differs from each other: 1. Keyword-based detection: Emotions are detected based on the related set(s) of keywords found in the input text; 2. Learning-based detection: Emotions are detected based on previous training result with respect to specific statistic learning methods; 3. Hybrid detection: Emotions are detected based on the combination of detected keyword, learned patterns, and other supplementary information; Besides these emotion detection methods that infer emotions at sentence level, there has been work done also on detection from online blogs or articles [1][2]. For example, though each sentence in a blog article may indicate different emotions, the article as a whole may tend to indicate specific ones, as the overall syntactic and semantic data could strengthen particular emotion(s). However, this paper focuses on detection methods with respect to single sentences, because this is the foundation of full text detection. A. KEYWORD-BASED METHODS Keyword-based methods are the most intuitive ways to detect textual emotions. To approximate the set T, since all the names of emotions (emotion labels) are also meaningful texts, these names themselves may serve as elements in both sets of E and T. Similarly, those words with the same meanings of the emotion labels can also indicate the same emotions. The keywords of emotion labels constitute the subset EL in set T, where EL also classifies all the elements in E. The set EL is constructed and utilized based on the assumption of keyword independence, and basically ignores the possibilities of using different types of keywords simultaneously to express complicated emotions. Keyword-based emotion detection serves as the starting point of textual emotion recognition. Once the set EL of emotion labels (and related words) is constructed, it can be used exhaustively to examine if a sentence contains any emotions. However, while detecting emotions based on related keywords is very straightforward and easy to use, the key to increase accuracy falls to two of the pre-processing methods, which are sentence parsing to extract keywords, and the construction of emotional keyword dictionary. Parsers utilized in emotion detection are almost ready-made software packages, whereas their corresponding theories may differ from dependency grammar to theta role assignments. On the other hand, constructing emotional keyword dictionary would be naval to other fields [3]. As this dictionary collects not only the keywords, but also the relations among them, this dictionary usually exists in the form of thesaurus, or even ontology, to contain relations more than similar and opposite ones. Semi-automatic construction of EL based on WorldNet-like dictionaries is proposed in [4] and [5]. As was observed in [6], keyword-based emotion detection methods have three limitations described below. 1) AMBIGUITY IN KEYWORD Though using emotion keywords is a straightforward way to detect associated emotions, the meanings of keywords could be multiple and vague. Except those words standing for emotion labels themselves, most words could change their meanings according to different usages and contexts. It is not feasible to include all possible combinations into the set EL. Moreover, even the minimum set of emotion labels (without all their synonyms) could have different emotions in some extreme cases such as ironic or cynical sentences. 2) INCAPABILITY OF RECOGNIZING SENTENCES WITHOUT KEYWORDS As Keyword-based approach is totally based on the set of emotion keywords, sentences without any keywords would imply like they don’t contain any emotions at all, which is obviously wrong. 3) LACK OF LINGUISTIC DATA Syntax structures and semantics also affect on expressed emotions. For example, â€Å"He laughed at me â€Å"and â€Å"I laughed at him† would suggest different emotions from the first person’s point of view. Therefore, ignoring linguistic information also create a problem to keyword-based methods. B. LEARNING-BASED METHODS Researchers using learning-based methods attempt to formulate the problem differently. The original problem that determining emotions from input texts has become how to classify the input texts into different emotions. Unlike keyword-based detection methods, learning-based methods try to detect emotions based on a previously trained classifier, which apply various theories of machine learning such as support vector machines [7] and conditional random fields [8], to determine which emotion category should the input text belongs. However, comparing the satisfactory results in multimodal emotion detection [9], the results of detection from texts drop considerably. The reasons are addressed below: 1) DIFFICULTIES IN DETERMINING EMOTION INDICATORS The first problem is, though learning-based methods can automatically determine the probabilities between features and emotions, learning-based methods still need keywords, but just in the form of features. The most intuitive features may be emoticons, which can be seen as author’s emotion annotations in the texts. The cascading problems would be the same as those in keyword-based methods. 2) OVER-SIMPLIFIED EMOTION CATEGORIES Nevertheless, lacking of efficient features other than emotion keywords, most learning-based methods can only classify sentences into two categories, which are positive and negative. Although the number of emotion labels depends on the emotion model applied, we would expect to refine more categories in practical systems. C. HYBRID METHODS Since keyword-based methods with thesaurus and naà ¯ve learning-based methods could not acquire satisfactory results, some systems use a hybrid approach by combining both or adding different components, which help to improve accuracy and refine the categories. The most significant hybrid system so far is the work of Wu, Chuang and Lin [6], which utilizes a rule-based approach to extract semantics related to specific emotions, and Chinese lexicon ontology to extract attributes. These semantics and attributes are then associated with emotions in the form of emotion association rules. As a result, these emotion association rules, replacing original emotion keywords, serve as the training features of their learning module based on separable mixture models. Their method outperforms previous approaches, but categories of emotions are still limited. D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS As described in this section, much research has been done over the past several years, utilizing linguistics, machine learning, information retrieval, and other theories to detect emotions. Their experiments show that, computers can distinguish emotions from texts like humans, although in a coarse way. However, all methods have certain limitations, as described in the previous subsections, and they lack context analysis to refine emotion categories with existing emotion models, where much work has been done to put them computationalized in the domain of believable agents. On the other hand, applications of affective computing would expect more refined results of emotion detection to further interact with users. Therefore, developing a more advanced architecture based on integrating current approaches and psychological theories would be in a pressing need. III. ALGORITHMS USED IN EMOTION RECOGNITION A brief summary of the various works for emotion recognition discussed in this paper are presented in Table1. Table 1: Results and feature-set comparison of algorithms IV.EMOTION RECOGNITION IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION The block diagram of the emotion recognition system studied in this paper is depicted in Figure 1.It contains three main modules: Affective communication unit, Data Aggregator, Emotion Recognition Engine and recognized emotion class as an output. Figure 1 : Block diagram of emotion recognition system for Affective communication AFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION UNIT Affective Communication Unit is nothing but the users account in any social networking site (tweeter or facebook). This system take input from these two social networking sites. DATA AGGREGATOR Data Aggregator collects user tweets and status from tweeter and facebook. These tweets/status serve as an input to Emotion Recognition Engine. EMOTION RECOGNITION ENGINE Emotion Recognition Engine including Bayesian Network classifier categorizes incoming data into 3 types of emotions: happiness, sadness, and neutral, because this system mainly focuses on finding stress level of user. It is broken up into 2 major phase: Training Phase and Testing Phase. Training phase consist of five important parts: The Training Dataset, Keyword Extraction, Keyword conversion, Training Model and Predicting Model. Before it generate the predicting model or file, training phase get the training dataset from which it extracted the keyword from the emotion training date, and convert the keyword using keyword conversion into the format that can be processed by the classifier in the Training Model. Testing phase which is also called predicting phase consist of Testing dataset, Keyword extraction, Keyword conversion and predict model. The testing phase extract the Keyword from the given sentence, which was the input from the keyboard and then translate the keyword (word of natural language) using the Keyword conversion into the format that can be processed and then we compare it with a predicting file in predict module and finally gives the output as appropriate emotion expressed by the text. VI.CONCLUSION The proposed system is able to recognize the happy and sad state of a person from his tweets posted on tweeter from his mobile. The experimental results Shows that the we get better accuracy using Naive Bayes classifier than that of Support Vector Machine. VII. REFERENCES [1] 2. Tim M.H. Li, Michael Chau, Paul W.C. Wong, and Paul S.F. YipA Hybrid System for Online Detection of Emotional Distress PAISI 2012, LNCS 7299 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012M, 73–80. [2] Abbasi, A., Chen, H., Thoms, S., Fu, T.: â€Å"Affect Analysis of Web Forums and Blogs Using Correlation Ensembles.† IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2008) ,1168–1180. [3] T. Wilson, J. Wiebe, and R. Hwa, â€Å"Just how mad are you? Finding strong and weak opinion clauses,† Proc. 21st Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence Jul. 2007, 761-769. [4] D. B. Bracewell, â€Å"Semi-Automatic Creation of an Emotion Dictionary Using WordNet and its Evaluation,† Proc. IEEE conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems, IEEE Press, Sep. 2008, 21-24. [5] J. Yang, D. B. Bracewell, F. Ren, and S. Kuroiwa, â€Å"The Creation of a Chinese Emotion Ontology Based on HowNet†, Engineering Letters, Feb. 2008,166-171. [6] C.-H. Wu, Z.-J. Chuang, and Y.-C. Lin, â€Å"Emotion Recognition from Text Using Semantic Labels and Separable Mixture Models,† ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing Jun. 2006, 165-183. [7] Z. Teng, F. Ren, and S. Kuroiwa, â€Å"Recognition of Emotion with SVMs,† in Lecture Notes of Artificial Intelligence Eds.Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006,701-710 . [8] C. Yang, K. H.-Y. Lin, and H.-H. Chen, â€Å"Emotion classification using web blog corpora,† Proc. IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. IEEE Computer Society, Nov. 2007, 275-278. [9] C. M. Lee, S. S. Narayanan, and R. Pieraccini, Combining Acoustic and Language Information for Emotion Recognition, Proc. 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 02), 2002, 873-876. [10]http://www.affectivesciences.org/reserachmaterial [11] http://www.weka.net.nz/

Irish Potato Famine Essay -- essays research papers

In the early 1800s life in Ireland wasn’t easy, Irish citizens got by day to day by farming and relying on the potato. The potato was their main source of food and money. With out the potato the Irish would have nothing. No one was prepared for what was about to happen in 1845, the beginning of the Great Irish Potato Famine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Irish Potato Famine was the worst tragedy in the history of Ireland. The outcome of the famine would result in hundreds of thousands dead, an failure of the economy in Ireland, and millions of emigrants forced to leave their home and country just to try to survive. The famine would effect countries other than Ireland as well. Some of these countries included England, America, Canada, and Australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next five years, almost all Irish citizens, would have the hardest struggle that they would ever face. It would tear families apart, destroy peoples lives, and cause large financial losses to landowners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the early to mid 1800s Ireland was a very poor and difficult place to live. Most of the land was owned by landowners that lived in England and rented their land out to Irish citizens. The owners had almost no interest in their land and property in Ireland. They only cared about getting their money from their renters. The rents were overpriced and living costs in Ireland were also extremely high. The living conditions for the renters in Ireland were horrible, with one-room houses that were expected to shelter whole families. Another problem with the country was that over 70% of the population was illiterate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The renters would use their land to farm potatoes because they were cheap, easy to grow, full of vitamins, and you could grow a lot in a small area and in poor farming conditions. The whole country relied on the crop of potatoes as their source of food and income.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the mid 1800s there were many seasons that produced poor crops, and in some cases no potatoes at all. These seasons were taken lightly, and just thought to be bad crop seasons. After these bad seasons, farmers became upset and began to grow poorer quality potatoes known as ‘Lumper potatoes’ or ‘Horse potatoes’ instead of the stronger healthier potatoes. ... ...money to their family so that they could escape Ireland and start a new life in America. Those whose lives became bad and worsened by the immigration were too ashamed to talk to their family and discontinued contact with family back in Ireland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion the potato famine effected not only those who lived in Ireland, but those in America too. The people that survived the crisis eventually returned their lives back to normal and were not physically harmed but rather emotionally scared with memories of wondering how much longer they were going to live. Also they remembered the whole scene with dead bodies every where and villages of which every resident was sickened and dying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Americans were effected by this epidemic with the introduction of many diseases introduced to their country. Especially those in the New England area of the country, where most of the immigrants arrived who had seen how the famine over seas had such an impact on millions of people’s lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over all many lives were lost, many lives changed, all due to the only crop that the Irish relied on†¦the potato.

Assignment Solution 01

North South University ETE 321 – Spring 2010 Instructor: Nahid Rahman Assignment #1 Total Marks: 100 Worth: 7. 5% 1. Consider the sinusoidally modulated DSB LC signal shown below. The carrier DSB-LC frequency is ? c and the message signal frequency is ? m. (a) Determine the modulation index m. Solution: Amax = 25 Amin = 5 ? 25 ? 5 = = 0. 67 + 25 + 5 (b) Write an expression for the modulated signal ? (t). Solution: 1 1 ) = (25 ? 5) = 10 = ( ? 2 2 1 1 ) = (25 + 5) = 15 = ( + 2 2 = + cos = cos + ( ) cos Assignment 1 Sol Page: 1 of 12 = 15 cos + 10 cos cos (c) Derive time domain expressions for the upper and lower sidebands.Solution: = 15 cos + 10 cos cos = 15 cos + 5 cos( + ) + 5 cos( ? ) Upper sideband: 5 cos( + ) ) Lower sideband: 5 cos( ? (d) Determine the total average power of the modulated signal , the carrier power and the two sidebands. Solution: Power of carrier signal = (15 cos )2 = + ? (15)2 2 cos cos = (cos( + ) + cos( ? )) 2 1 = 112. 5 W 2 (5)2 2 (5)2 Power of upper sideband = (5 cos( Power of lower sideband = (5 cos( ))2 = = 12. 5 W = 12. 5 W Power of modulated signal = 137. 5 W (e) Assuming that the message signal is a voltage signal, calculate the PEP (Peak Envelop Power) across a 100? load. Solution: PEP = 2 ))2 = eed to obtain the RMS value by dividing the peak by v2. (f) Determine the modulation efficiency ?. Solution: 12. 5 + 12. 5 = = 18. 18% 137. 5 Amax is the peak value of the modulated signal. To calculate the DC power, we = ( )2 v2 = (25 )2 v2 100 = 3. 125 W Assignment 1 Sol Page: 2 of 12 2. A DSB-SC modulated signal can be generated by multiplying the message signal with a periodic pulse generator and passing the resultant signal through a band-pass filter. = 2 cos 200 + cos 600 ( )= 1 2 + 2 ? (? 1) ? 1 cos ( =1 2 ? 1 (2 ? 1)) (a) Find the DSB-SC signal component in V(t). Solution: Input to the BPF: = ? 1 1 2 ? (? ) = ( ){ + cos ( (2 ? 1))} =1 2 ? 1 2 1 2 2 ? 1 2 1 = ( ) { + cos + †¢ cos 3 + †¢ cos 5 + other terms} 2 3 5 1 2 2 2 ( )+ ( ) cos ( ) cos 3 ( ) cos 5 = ? + + other terms 2 3 5 Output of the BPF: 2 = cos 2 = 2 cos 200 + cos 600 cos (b) Specify the unwanted components in V(t) that need to be removed by a BPF of suitable design. Solution: 1 2 2 ( ), ( ) cos 3 ( ) cos 5 , ,other terms 2 3 5 (c) Assume the carrier frequency is 500 Hz. Sketch the spectral density of the resulting DSB-SC waveform. Solution: = 2 cos 200 + cos 600 =2 ? 200 + 2 + 200 + ? 600 + + 600 Assignment 1 Sol Page: 3 of 12 = 2 = 1 cos ? = 2 1 = 2 ? 00 rad = 1000 rad See plot below. (d) In the sketch for Part (c), specify lower and upper sidebands. + + 1 2 + 1 2 = 1 + 1 Assignment 1 Sol Page: 4 of 12 3. Let f(t) be a real signal. The transmitter transmits the following modulated signal = cos + sin Where is the Hilbert transform of f(t). (a) Explain that the modulated signal is a lower sideband SSB signal using an example of = cos . Solution: Note that there was an error in the question. The frequency of f(t) should be ? m inst ead of ? c. Any students with a reasonable attempt to this question will be awarded full marks. However, the solution below refers to the corrected problem. cos = sin cos + sin sin = cos = cos ? Since, cos ? = cos cos + sin sin ? = + ? + ? + For ? > 0, the impulse function is located to the left of the carrier frequency. For ? < 0, the impulse function is located to the right of –? c. Therefore, the modulating function produces lower sideband signals. (b) Determine the frequency of the modulated signal. Solution: From the expression of , the frequency of the modulated signal is ? . Assignment 1 Sol Page: 5 of 12 4. An SSB signal is generated by modulating an fc = 1 MHz carrier by the message signal = 2 cos 2000? t + cos 4000? t . The amplitude of the carrier signal is Ac = 1. a) Determine the Hilbert transform of f(t). Solution: = 2 cos 2000? t + cos 4000? t ? ? = 2 cos 2000? t ? + cos 4000? t ? 2 2 = 2 sin 2000? t + sin 4000? t (b) Determine the time domain expression of the lower SSB and upper SSB signals. Solution: ?  ± t = cos ? sin ? 2 sin 2k? t + sin 4k? t sin = 2 cos 2k? t + cos 4k? t cos = 2 cos 2k? t + cos 4k? t cos ? 2 sin 2k? t + sin 4k? t sin = 2 cos 2k? t cos + cos 4k? t cos ? sin 4k? t sin ? 2 sin 2k? t sin = 2 cos 2k? t cos ? sin 2k? t sin + cos 4k? t cos ? sin 4k? t sin  ± 2000 + cos  ± 4000 = 2 cos (c) Sketch the magnitude spectrum of the lower SSB. Solution: ? t = 2 cos ? 2000 + cos ? 000 ? ? = 2 + ? 2000 + 2 ? + 2000 + + ? 4000 + ? + 4000 A 2? ? -? c -? c+4000? -? c+2000? ?c-4000? ?c-2000? ?c ? (d) The coherent detection of the lower SSB signal consists of multiplying the received modulated signal by cos followed by a low pass filter. If the local (receiver) oscillator generates a phase error ? (i. e. the message signal is now multiplied by cos + , write the expression at the output of the low-pass filter and discuss how the phase error will affect the demodulated signal. Solution: Assignment 1 Sol Page: 6 of 12 Input of the L PF: = = = cos cos cos + + cos cos A cos B = sin A cos B = = os + sin + + cos sin + cos + cos A + B + cos A ? B sin A + B + sin A ? B cos 2 + + sin ? + sin 2 + sin ? A = ? sin A = cos + cos 2 + ? sin + sin 2 + Output of the LPF: = = cos ? sin 2 cos 2000? t + cos 4000? t cos ? 1 2 sin 2000? t + sin 4000? t sin 2 = cos 2000? t cos + cos 4000? t cos 1 ? sin 2000? t sin ? sin 4000? t sin 2 1 cos 4000? t cos ? sin 4000? t sin 2 = cos 2000? t cos ? sin 2000? t sin + cos A cos B ? sin A sin B = cos A + B = cos 2000? t + ? + cos 4000? t + ? Assignment 1 Sol Page: 7 of 12 5. A given DSB-LC transmitter develops an unmodulated power output of 1 KW across a 50-ohm resistive load.When a sinusoidal test tone with a peak amplitude of 5. 0 V is applied to the input of the modulator, it is found that the spectral line for each sideband in the magnitude spectrum for the output is 40% of the carrier line. Determine the following quantities in the output signal: (a) The modulation index. Solution: = + c os cos cos + cos cos = 1 1 = cos + cos ? + cos + 2 2 When a sinusoidal test tone with a peak amplitude of 5. 0 V is applied to the input of the modulator, it is found that the spectral line for each sideband in the magnitude spectrum for the output is 40% of the carrier line. 1 : = 0. 40 2 = : = 0. 0 (b) The peak amplitude of the lower sideband. Solution: A given DSB-LC transmitter develops an unmodulated power output of 1 KW across a 50-ohm resistive load. = /v2 = 1000 Am is the amplitude (or â€Å"peak†) of the modulated signal. We need to use the rms value when calculating DC power. = 1000 2 = 10 = 316. 27 Peak amplitude of the sideband = = 158. 11 (c) The ratio of total sideband power to carrier power. Solution: Total power of the sidebands = = Carrier Power = Ratio = : = . cos : = cos . + = . 0. 8 ? . = = 0. 32 + cos + (d) The total power of output. Solution: Assignment 1 Sol Page: 8 of 12 Total Power = + = 33kW e) The total average power in the output if the peak amplit ude of the modulation sinusoid is reduced to 4. 0 V. Solution: Changing the modulation sinusoid peak amplitude will affect the modulation index. 4 = 5 4 = ? 0. 8 = 0. 64 5 Ratio of total sideband power to carrier power = . : = . 0. 64 = 0. 2048 Total Power = + = 30. 12kW Assignment 1 Sol Page: 9 of 12 6. Suppose that a message signal f(x) has bandwidth B Hz. If f(x) is modulated by one of the modulation schemes DSB-SC or SSB or VSB, then for demodulation, the receiver must generate a (local) carrier in phase and frequency synchronous with the incoming carrier. This is referred to as synchronous or coherent demodulation. ) (a) Draw a block diagram for the demodulator. Solution: (b) Assume that there is a frequency error in the local carrier (the phase is correctly estimated). Give the expression of the Fourier transform of the output of the demodulator for the case of DSB-SC modulation, sketch the spectrum of the output signal, and compare it with the spectrum of the original signal ( you may assume an arbitrary shape of F (w)). Solution: = cos ? cos +? = = = = = 1 2 ? = 2 ? ? ? ? ? cos cos ? cos ? os ? +? cos +? +? cos 2 +? + cos 2 + ? + ? 2 ? +? Without frequency error: Assignment 1 Sol Page: 10 of 12 With frequency error: (c) Repeat (b) for the case of SSB-SC modulation (you may do so by choosing either upper SSB or lower SSB). Solution: + sin = cos Input to the LPF: ? = cos = = = = ? ? ? ? +? + cos cos + ? cos cos cos cos ? 1 2 ? ? sin +? +? cos + + cos 2 ? +? sin sin +? +? cos cos +? +? + = 1 2 sin ? cos ? + +? + 1 2 ? ? sin 2 sin ? ? 2 ? = ? ? 2 ? ? ? 2 + + ? 2 ? +? Assignment 1 Sol Page: 11 of 12 With frequency error: d) Suppose that you are an engineer who responds to design a modulation system for a coarse environment in which it is difficult to generate a local carrier in frequency synchronous with the incoming carrier during some period of transmission. Which modulation system would you like to recommend, DSB-SC or SSB? Justify your answer. Solutio n: For DSB-SC, we notice a distortion in frequency. For SSB, we only observe a frequency shift. Therefore, it would be better to use SSB for a coarse environment. Assignment 1 Sol Page: 12 of 12

Green Chemistry Essay

Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of optically pure rivastigmine intermediate using alcohol dehydrogenase from baker’s yeast. Authors: Madhuresh K. Sethi? , Somashekar R. Bhandya? , Anish Kumar, Nagaraj Maddur, Rohit Shukla,V. S. N. Jayalakshmi Mittapalli Published: Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 91 (2013) 87– 92 Paper 2 : Asymmetric synthesis of an enantiomerically pure rivastigmine intermediate using ketoreductase Authors : Madhuresh K. Sethi, Somashekar R. Bhandya, Nagaraj Maddur,  Rohit  Shukla, Anish Kumar, V. S. N. Jayalakshmi Mittapalli Published: Tetrahedron: Asymmetry,  Volume 24, Issue 7,  15 April 2013,  Pages 374-379 ON JOB EXPERIENCE IN REGULATORY AFFAIRS Organization: Intertech Labs, Hyderabad Guide: T. Raja Rao * Successfully completed course in Drug Regulatory Affairs (September 2010 – October 2011) * Gained experience of compiling , reviewing & filing of Technical Dossiers (DMF, EDMF, ANDA) * Performed Post Regulatory Audits as a part of training program * ICH Guidelines Marketing authorization in Europe(Mutual recognition procedure, Centralized procedure &Decentralized procedure) EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS| Year| Course| Institute| University/Board| Aggregate| 2008-10| M. Pharmacy| University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences| Panjab University| 67%| 2004-08| B. Pharmacy| University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences| Panjab University| 64%| 2002| 10+2| City Montessori School, Lucknow| ISC| 75%| 2000| 10th standard| City Montessori School, Lucknow| ICSE| 82 %| ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS * Ranked 2nd in M. Pharmacy in Pharma Chemistry Section * Scored 93. 99 percentile in GATE , 2008 * Placement cell representative , UIPS (2008- 2010) * Delegate in CHASCON 2009, IPC 2008 EXTRA CURRICULAR ACHIEVEMENTS * Winner Intra Department Football Match – 2007 * 1st Runners up , Intra Department Cricket Match – 2005 * 2nd Prize , Intra Department Chess Competition – 2005 COMPUTER PROFICIENCY * Operating System: Microsoft XP, Vista & Windows 7. Application software: MS Office, MS excel MS access & PowerPoint. * Proficiency in handling various computing software and packages including effective usage of Pub Med, Medline, Sci Finder and other research search engines. STRENGTHS * Strong Academic Orientation * Organized, Systematic & Always looking for Perfection in my work HOBBIES * Surfing the net as a means for exchanging thoughts and views and with the aim of networking. * Watching movies & playing chess REFERENCES * On request

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essays (783 words) - Outerwall, Inc.

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essays (783 words) - Outerwall, Inc. Blue Ocean Strategy Paper MKT/421 Blue Ocean Strategy Paper When undertaking a business endeavor individuals and firms alike must determine a strategy. One of the most important strategic dilemmas is whether to use a blue or red ocean strategy when creating new products. Both strategies possess strengths and weaknesses that need careful consideration before launching new products. Description and Importance of Blue Ocean Strategy Growth in any business is often associated with innovation. That is, paving the way in creating a ground breaking product previously unheard of. In many ways innovation can be associated with a blue ocean strategy. Blue oceans denote all the industries not in existence today-the unknown market space, untainted by competition(Kim and Mauborgne, 2004, pg.77). This strategy is especially important not only for the growth within a firm, but also, growth with societies. Innovative ideas, goods, and services are needed in order to generate growth for both societies and economies. One of the most appealing benefits of blue ocean strategy is creation of new industries within untapped market space means that there is no initial competition with little to no barriers to entry. This allows the opportunity for generation of profit at drastic rates. Additionally, rather than exploiting and sharing a portion of demand from competitors, blue ocean strategy creates demand. This allows the firm to capitalize from all of the newly created demand. As with most things, blue ocean strategy also has weaknesses. Although firms do not share portions of customer demand, creating demand within a new industry is challenging. Additionally, because there are no similar products in market there are no accurate indications as to whether the product will result in success or failure. What is important to understand is that while the rewards associated with blue ocean strategy are high, the risks attached are also escalated. Example of Blue Ocean Strategies It is important to understand that blue ocean strategy includes more than giving rise to entirely new industries. In most cases, a blue ocean is created from within a red ocean when a company alters the boundaries of an existing industry(Kim and Mauborgne, 2004, pg.78). An example of a blue ocean move was the introduction of Redbox movie kiosks by Outerwall Inc. Movie rentals within the entertainment industry were not a new concept. However, Redbox revolutionized this industry through placing movie rental kiosks at convenient locations. Rather than driving to movie rental stores and spending large amounts of money to rent newly released movies, customers could drive to the local convenience store and rent movies at a much lower rate. This is an example of a blue ocean move because rather than introducing another substitute version of Blockbuster movie rental stores, Redbox chose a path that altered the existing industry. Altering the manner in which customers can rent movies to more of a self-service option, decreases costs, in turn savings can be transferred to consumers providing an enticing option for movie rentals. Alternative Red Ocean Strategy Redboxs decision to use a red ocean strategy in attempting to enter the crowded market of video streaming with the introduction of Redbox Instant resulted in the exact opposite of the movie rental kiosks. It could be said that just as quickly as Redbox movie kiosks became a desired product and flourished, Redbox Instant failed. Redbox Instant, a joint venture between Verizon Communications Inc and Outerwall Inc was operational for approximately one year before the two determined the venture was not as successful as either had hoped (The Huffington Post, 2015). This is an example of a red ocean strategy because the joint venture attempted to tap into a market which already had generated demand. While previously generated demand is one of the strengths associated with using red ocean strategy, the result of this joint venture is prime example of just how dangerous red ocean strategy is when attempting to enter an already crowded market industry. Conclusion The important thing to remember when marketing new products is that products should encapsulate the satisfaction of customer needs(Perreault, Cannon, and McCarthy, 2011). A firm must quickly decide whether to enter into an existing market space or create a new market space. Evaluating the pros and cons of both red and blue ocean strategy will help

Talk to Frank Programme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Talk to Frank Programme - Essay Example The UK government, concerned about the rising illicit substance use, and its helplessness in combating it tried something novel in 2003. It launched an anti-drug campaign called ‘Talk to Frank’ which is a combination of drug related information and helpline for addicts and casual users. â€Å"The government says it is the first campaign aimed at parents and carers as well as teenagers.†Ã‚  The helpline, in fact can be used by anyone interested or concerned about drug usage by a relative or a friend. The campaign is implemented with the backing of the UK Home Office, the Department of Health, and minister of education. Critics say that the campaign only addresses use of class A drugs. The UK law has classified illicit drugs into three categories namely class A, B, and C. The Home Office has included the following drugs as coming under class A namely â€Å"Ecstasy, LSD, heroin, cocaine, crack, magic mushrooms, and amphetamines.† (Drugs).According to the Misus e of Drugs Act, the most harmful among the above classifications is included under class A. The Act proclaims that â€Å"These drugs are termed as controlled substances, and Class A drugs are those considered being the most harmful.† (Drug laws & licensing). The campaign is shown as advertisements on TV and the press and only says that a help-line is available along with a website called â€Å"talktofank.com.† In other words, the website and the helpline comprise the whole programme. The website appears a bit garish or even psychedelic. It can be said that the site is very unattractive visually and is badly designed. It has five main menus, namely ‘A-Z of drugs, Join In, Talk to Frank, Worried about someone, Need Help, and Share. It also clearly shows the helpline number on the top of the page. The Join In section enables the public to share their experiences with others. The section also provides information on how drugs alter the state of mind. A lot of importa nce is given to cannabis and cocaine, probably because of their dangers and widespread use. More links on how ‘ecstasy’ and ‘LSD’ affect the mind is also provided. As an example, an extract of the information the site gives on cocaine is given below. â€Å"Coke is very addictive. It can be difficult to resist the craving and strong psychological dependence due to changes in the brain. Recent evidence suggests possible long-term changes to the nervous system.  

Marco Polo's Travel Account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marco Polo's Travel Account - Essay Example After having analyzed Marco Polo`s travelogue in detail along with the second hand accounts on his writings written afterwards, a few patterns can be identified conveniently. These accounts suggest that the Mongolian Empire which belonged to the Kublai Khan (1214-1294) was a highly glorified one, in the sense that the architecture of the farfetched land, especially Kublai`s palace was beyond imagination, also the Mongolian culture unlike that perceived by the Westerners is a highly enriched one which escalates the senses of anyone experiencing it. Moreover, though Marco Polo had also mentioned the hardships and distance which he had to face in detail, which implies that the journey was a highly difficult one, even after they possessed the VIP pass, however on experiencing their cultures and having the experience of staying close to Kublai Khan for so long, he finally concludes that the hardships were worth it. However, those who have reflected on the works of Marco Polo have further doubted the credibility of Marco Polo on the account that neither had he learnt the Chinese language during all those years, and adding insult to injury, some of the accounts which he had presented are way too amazing to be true. "When a man is riding through this desert by night and for some reason -falling asleep or anything else -he gets separated from his companions and wants to rejoin them, he hears spirit voices talking to him as if they were his companions, sometimes even calling him by name. Often these voices lure him away from the path and he never finds it again, and many travelers have got lost and died because of this. Sometimes in the night travelers hear a noise like the clatter of a great company of riders away from the road; if they believe that these are some of their own company and head for the noise, they find themselves in deep trouble when daylight comes and they realize their mistake.† ---- Marco Polo  Travels Quoted above is an account from the Marco Polo travels, an excerpt which indicates the hardships which he and even his companions had to face on their way to Cathay. Analyzing the excerpt, like the one quoted above, one may literally experience the intensity of hardships on the way, also the feelings of helplessness and extreme hunger and isolation while there is no way back. One might even start imagining that he is rather accompanying Marco Polo on his journey, given the quality of writings produced by Marco Polo where he has poured his heart out. Since Marco Polo`s father was a great merchant who had visited Cathay early on for trade, he had the honor of having met Kublai Khan, the emperor of Cathay, and thus the emperor had bestowed the merchant with a VIP passport, which allowed them to access horsebacks and other necessities and luxuries when the Polo brothers were to accompany their father. Relying on these where he experienced an adrenaline rush all that time while he was away, having gathered both good and bad tim es with him driving on either extreme like a pendulum. However, his stay in Cathay being close to Kublai Khan was rather more of a compensation for all he had experienced during his journey, and once Kublai Khan died, the miseries of Marco Polo still continued however these miseries contributed towards the writings

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Questions - Essay Example Policies of the Company were framed from the head office which did not allow for the tailoring of policies to suit the needs of the local regional markets. The framing of decisions from the head office also made the operations of the Company more bureaucratic and customers were less efficiently served. Hence, this decision making framework was not appropriate to serve the complexities of the international environment. The Company has recently recognized this and has reorganized its structure by establishing a regional structure to bring decision making closer to its clients. The decision making structure has been reorganized to give greater decision making power to regional heads. This allows greater client focus and to achieve global product excellence. It allows managers to be receptive to the needs of the regional economies and helps to make the organization leaner and more efficient. The Company has taken steps to reduce the complexity of its business operations and reorganized its internal structure to adapt to its external environment. 2. Hickson et al (1971) have proposed the strategic contingencies theory of intra organizational power. This theory suggests that the extent of power of sub units will be determined by the extent of power they have over contingencies. Every organization is riddled with uncertainties about future events due to the lack of available information. The ability of the subunits to cope effectively with these uncertainties and reduce their impact for other sub units will determine the extent of intra organizational power that they have. When a subunit’s work is linked more pervasively to others in the organization, and when the sub unit is able to respond immediately and affect the activities of others in the organization, it is likely to enjoy a greater power than the other sub-units. In my organization which is a banking conglomerate,

Restrictionist Policy, Mexican Labor, and Immigration Essay Example for Free

Restrictionist Policy, Mexican Labor, and Immigration Essay The article on Jewish refugees, Mexican guestworkers and administrative politics vividly describes the immigration policies that the United States followed during the turn of the twentieth century.   A cursory reading of the article would show what type of policy regime the United States followed with regards immigration and the factors that affected the same.   The article also depicted the different treatments towards Southern and/or Latin American immigrants, more specifically Mexicans, and European and/or Asian immigrants, more specifically Jewish Germans.    This paper is a summary of the article, focusing on the two abovementioned topics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United States immigration policy during the turn of the twentieth century was coined to be a two-tiered bureaucracy.   The first layer was the new State Department and consular officials â€Å"employed exclusionary powers to all but shut down European and Asian immigration.†Ã‚   The second layer was administered by the Labor Department, which was characterized by the legal and illegal immigration of southern and Latin Americans, more specifically the Mexicans.   This second layer was actually described as an â€Å"iron triangle,† illustrated by â€Å"southwestern growers, immigration bureau officials, and powerful congressional committees dominated by southern and western conservatives.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This two-tiered immigration regime was actually a result of the rise of the World War I protectionist state, wherein there was a need for self-defense against foreigners since they were considered as dangerous and/or inferior.   This protectionist regime is highlighted by the Passport Control Act of 1918 wherein aliens are required to obtain a visa from consular officials abroad before they were allowed to enter the United States.    Note however that despite the end of the war, there was a move to continue implementing the Passport Control Act of 1918 as the country is still vulnerable to national security threats.   This law actually complemented the Immigration Act of 1917 and both previous laws were in turn supported by the 1924 Quota Act wherein inspections overseas where done prior to embarkation for the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The restrictionist or nativist regime being discussed by the article was illustrated by two examples.   The first example is one for the first layer, or the shutting down if immigration to Europeans and Asians.   In fact, this shut down affected not only workers but refugees as well.   With the rise of Nazi Germany in Europe, and ideas of anti-Semitism spreading fast, many German Jews and Germans who opposed the Nazi Government were seeking asylum, to protect themselves from the Nazis. However, there seemed to be an unmistakable prejudice against the Germans and the Jews, bolted by an executive order in 1930 which barred aliens who were likely to be of public charge (or those wage earners who are coming to the United States without means of support).   There was a move to loosen this strict executive order by allowing bonds for entering refugees, which was actually ineffective since this was a double barrier for the refugees who were seeking asylum:   they needed a bond to enter the United States and yet the Nazi Government did not allow them to take capital out of the country. True, it was claimed that the idea of asylum as the special commitment of the American people.   And yet the article had enumerated a couple of reasons why despite the special commitment, the entrance of refugees cannot be as lax as those of Mexicans since refugees will only be a public charge, and attention should be paid to the many citizens of the United States who are homeless, unemployed and are struggling as well.   And yet another irony occurs, the strict policy was only on the German Jews and not on the British who were seeking refuge in the United States, and granting visas to Chinese immigrants, justified only by courting alliance with the Chinese during the war. The complete opposite of the experiences of the Jewish refugees were the Mexican workers.   This is actually the second tier of the regulatory policies on immigration by the United States government.   As compared to the European immigrants, the Mexican immigrants had an easier time entering the United States.   Despite the increase in illegal immigration due to inefficient and unmonitored security of the Canadian and Mexican borders, which was blamed on the lack of funds, lack of men and lack of facilities to effectively guard the borders of the United States, there were more legitimate reasons why the Mexican workers were easily granted immigration into the country.    One reason is that there is a need for unskilled workers.   Nativist and restrictionist politicians believed that the reason why Americans are being sent to school is so that they will not do the back-breaking work that unskilled laborers do.   Another reason, which is tied to the first, is that Mexican workers mean cheaper labor.   And lastly, the stay of Mexican migrant workers in the United States is but temporary and they can easily be expelled and sent back to their home countries.   In fact, this was proven when rumors started spreading that even immigrants will be enlisted in the armed forces to fight during the war.   Instantly, the Mexican workers returned to their native countries. Of course, the increase in Mexican guestworkers was not continuous as the Great Depression raised sentiments that the Mexicans were taking the work of the Americans and there was a heightened deportation campaign.   But this did not last long since the construction of highways and the invention of automotive traveling.  Ã‚   Once again, Mexican immigration was on the rise. The abovementioned summary of the article â€Å"Two-Tiered Implementation† definitely shows a great disparity of treatment between the Europeans and the South Americans.   But the same is understandable as the article sufficiently explained the justification for such. The United States, although committed to granting asylum to refugees, is practical in the sense that refugees will be taken care of the public and at the time of the implementation of the nativist immigration policies, the economic situation of the country just does not permit it to loosen immigration of refugees.   But on the other side, the United States gain greatly from the entry of cheap Mexican workers, allowing the Americans to concentrate on skilled jobs, and without having to worry about the deportation of the workers as their native country is just a border away. Indeed, there were good reasons, supported by evidence, that the article posed in explaining the restrictionist regime and the differences in immigration between the Jews and the Mexicans.

Leadership And Service Improvement Management Essay

Leadership And Service Improvement Management Essay The study of leaders and leadership has led to many competing theories which attempt to distill the essence of great leadership into its component parts, to allow others to acquire some of these attributes, and become more effective leaders. The very earliest theories on leadership tended to assume that leaders were born, and that leadership was not a skill, or set of skills that could be acquired. The overall impression was that Great Men had inherited leadership qualities from their ancestors, which would make them effective leaders when placed in positions of authority (Kirkpatrick and Locke 1991). This is not a very helpful way to look at leadership, and does nothing to assist students of leadership in their efforts to become better leaders themselves. It is not, though a great leap from identifying natural leaders to identifying which parts of their character or personality mark them out from others. This underpins the Trait theories of leadership. Trait theory was studied extensively in the mid part of the 20th Century, and had a wide range of results. Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) explain that trait theory made no assumptions as to the origins of the traits studied, but simply highlighted the differences between leaders and non-leaders. In 1974, Stodgill published the results of his studies of leadership theory, and identified 22 traits and skills which are present to varying degrees in the individuals studied. This did not show how individuals could become better leaders, but, the identification of leadership as a skill has been vital in the subsequent development of leadership training. He himself ultimately concluded that A person does not become a leader by virtue of the possession of some combination of traits. (Stodgill 1948 cited in Levine 2008) McGregor (2005) looked at leadership behaviours as relating to underlying traits or world views. They examined the ways in which managers and leaders approached a task, and tried to understand the motivating factors. McGregror (1960) felt there were two major theories of human motivation which lay behind the actions of the leaders he studied. His theories were labelled X and Y. Theory X assumes that the average human being inherently dislikes work, and therefore must be coerced to perform at the required level. The motivating factors here are extrinsic. Theory Y assumes that work is a natural part of life, as much as is play or rest, and intrinsic motivation is key. This intrinsic motivation can be viewed as an expression of the Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow 1943) The work of McGregor informed the production of methods to map leadership behaviours. Blake and Mouton (1964) plotted concern for production against concern for people. This produces a helpful framework for mapping behaviours, but it is rather passive in form, and seems mainly useful for reflection or critique, to inform future endeavours. It does not necessarily inform leaders of what behaviour is best suited to the group they are working with at a particular time. Action centred leadership was proposed as a leadership model by Adair (1973). His time in the Army and work as a trainer at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst led him to develop a model that considers three domains; Task, Team and Individual. He argues that each domain requires the attention of a leader, but the relative importance of each will vary. The relationship of these domains is represented by a venn diagram: Task needs Team maintenance needs Individual needs This model then details the areas a leader should address in each domain: Task: Practical managerial concerns, for example creating a plan, monitoring performance Team: Facilitating group working by agreeing standards of behaviour, resolving group conflicts etc. Individual: Ensuring individuals are performing as well as possible by supporting through challenges, allocating work according to strengths etc. There is considerable overlap and interaction between each of these domains, and it is argued that attention to each domain is required for a balanced team. The key feature of this model which made such an impact was providing a practical framework which allowed leaders to combine some of the softer skills of leadership with more managerial traits of time management and task focus. Situational / Contingency Theories of Leadership The studies of leadership discussed above have all looked at leaders and leadership behaviour and described them, allowing leaders to analyse their behaviour. The theories above, over time have been developed to include a degree of dynamism, but were initially descriptive exercises. It was the recognition that there was not necessarily on right way of leading that prompted thinking about the possibility of adaptive styles of leadership (Schermerhorn 1997). The study of leadership in different situations and settings, and the observation that the most effective style of leadership changed with respect to situational variables led to situational leadership models. The earliest described was the Contingency Model (Fiedler 1964). This model relies on a self-rated scale to determine a preferred leadership style. Fiedler then studied working conditions, and described them through three variables: Leader-member relations how willing team members trust and will follow a leader Task structure: how well defined a task is, or if it follows a standard procedure Position Power: the extent of the rewards and punishments a leader has available. Through his studies, Fiedler constructed a visual guide to represent his findings about which type of leader was most effective given the situational variables. The model states that leaders with high LPC scores should work with teams where the situation is moderately favourable. The more task focused leaders will be more effective in situations which are either very favourable or unfavourable to the the leader. This model has been studied extensively and has received both criticism (Ashour 1973) support (Strube and Garcia 1981). A major source of controversy in this model is the LPC. One important point to note is that Fiedler felt leaders would find their behaviour difficult to alter, and organisations should therefore pick the correct leader for a given team. This is in contrast to other models which suggest leaders should be adaptable. The Hersey-Blanchard (1969) model of situational leadership looks at a different variable in the team context; the maturity of followers. The underlying assumption is that a leader should adopt a style of leadership which reflects the needs of the team. This is in direct contrast to Fiedlers (1964) assertion that organisations should pick leaders given the favourability of the situation. In this model, a two by two grid which is very similar to the Blake Mouton (1964) Managerial Grid, is used to describe four leadership styles: S1: Telling (low relationship, high task) S2: Selling (high relationship, high task) S3: Participating (high relationship, low task) S4: Delegating (low relationship, low task) There is an accompanying scale which rates the team a leader is concerned with: M1: Low competence, and low commitment M2: Low competence, and high commitment M3: High competence with low/variable commitment M4: High competence and high commitment The M score for maturity of the team members was developed over time, and was later divided to reflect job and psychological maturity (Hersey and Blanchard 1982). Job maturity is the ability or capacity to perform the task in hand. Psychological maturity indicates motivation. The model has received criticism from a theoretical standpoint, and from empirical research. Graeff (1983) claims that the maturity scale is invalid, as it classifies workers who have skill and are unmotivated (M3) as more mature than those who lack skill but are dedicated to a task(M2). He also argues that the additive nature of job and psychological maturity in the model is invalid. He supports this view by suggesting that in tasks where skill requirements are low, motivation has a much greater importance. One study into the model concluded that, because high follower maturity did not obviate the need for supervision, their results lent very little support to the model (Cairns et al 1998). This study though had methodological flaws, a skewed population, and did describe some support for aspect of the SLT model. The practical application of this model relies on the ability of the leader to determine the maturity of their followers, and reflect this in their leadership style. Perhaps the most important aspect of the model is the recognition that leadership styles are not fixed, and leaders can change their approach to suit a given team or individual. In modern healthcare settings, there has been a change in the nature of teams. There is no longer a stable, small, hierarchical team. Instead, teams form and disperse on an almost shift-by-shift basis. To lead effectively in this environment, it is necessary to be adaptable, and be able to support team members to realise their potential. The models described above illustrate that there is no one best way to lead a team. Instead, by appreciating the different situations, individuals and tasks involved, leaders stand a better chance of forming teams which can cope with the varying demands of the modern NHS. Perhaps Goleman (2000, p.4) has argued this most eloquently through his work which revealed that the most effective leaders do not rely on only one leadership style; they use them seamlessly and in different measure depending on the business situation. Service Improvement Methods: The literature describes a large number of service improvement methods which have been applied in some form to healthcare settings. Most service improvement methodologies that have been implemented in healthcare have been adopted from industry, where the driving force is to maximise profits for shareholders. The adoption of industrial techniques for service and quality improvement has often met with a degree of resistance from the medical profession (Moss and Garside 1995) and from the health sector as a whole. This has been attributed to the professional nature of healthcare, which involves large numbers of autonomous, independent practitioners who often place independence of clinical decision making at the heart of their operating values. (Degeling et al 2003) Recently though, there has been a recognition within the medical profession of the need to drive up standards in healthcare, and to focus on overall quality of care, rather than just direct clinical activity. Included in most definitions of quality is efficiency of healthcare delivery. This focus on efficiency is built on the growing recognition that publicly funded healthcare systems need to be accountable for the expenditure they make. (Donabedian 1988) It is in the context of increased demands for efficiency, increasing burden of chronic disease, and ever increasing expectations from the users of the health services that service improvement tools have started to be implemented on a wider scale than ever before. Systematic approaches to service improvement have been in existence for a long time. Taylor published his Principles of Scientific Management in 1911 after many years of employing what are now known as time and motion studies to various industrial processes. His approach was much criticised for giving too much power to managers, and its use was even banned by the American Senate in defence establishments for relying too heavily on command and control leadership (Mullins 2005a). However, his methods produced great improvements in efficiency, and he made an argument about systems which is still valid today: The remedy for this inefficiency lies in systematic management rather than in searching for some unusual or extraordinary man.(Taylor 1911) Total Quality Management This approach to systematic improvement was developed by Deming during his work with Japanese manufacturers in the aftermath of World War II. He was initially concerned with teaching statistical control methods to Japanese manufacturers to improve efficiency. However, he adjusted his teaching to focus on the process, rather than individual performance, and emphasised the need for good management and a collective push for optimisation. He published his recommendations for industry, government and education, which set out his 14 points for management in the seminal work Out of the Crisis (Deming 1986). TQM is more than a technique or set of tools for improvement, and can be described as a way of life for an organisation as a whole, committed to total customer satisfaction through a continuous process of improvement and involvement of people. (Mullins 2005b) TQM has been utilised in healthcare since the early 1990s, and aspects of it are increasingly being employed today. It is often the tools associated with the approach which are used, rather than the wholesale systems change originally described, and this lack of clarity regarding the true nature of what is called TQM has contributed to a lack of clear evidence of benefit. (Øvretveit and Gustafson 2002) Where the whole package of TQM has been implemented, results have been mixed, but there are numerous examples of where certain elements have shown benefit. The most commonly employed techniques derived from TQM are statistical control methods, and the PDSA cycle. Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) Alongside his work on TQM, Deming is credited as being one of the key proponents of the PDSA (or PDCA) cycle. This cycle of learning, implemented as a quality improvement tool had been taught by Shehwart (1939) whilst Deming was working with him. Deming took this knowledge to Japan and it formed part of his work on TQM (Hossain 2008). The cycle reflects Kolbs learning cycle (1973), and is a tool for testing changes, and reacting to the results. It can be seen as either a standalone tool for change, as part of a larger system of change, or as a key part of a philosophy for wide-scale change across an organisation.(Cleghorn and Headrick 1996) The PDSA cycle consists of four parts: Plan: The objective of the test must be defined, and a method of data collection must be incorporated. Do: The planned change to a process is carried out, with concurrent data collection Study: The data is analysed, compared with predicted outcomes, and a summary of learning is produced. Act: The conclusions from the data are utilised, and used to inform the next plan. The underlying rationale for the PDSA cycle lies in systems theory. Systems theory implies that small scale changes within a system can create large results. The PDSA cycle is useful for testing small changes, and reflecting on the effects before either applying them across a whole system, or making further changes (Berwick 1998). When linked together, PDSA cycles can be used to drive up quality. This approach of multiple linked cycles and this approach of multiple linked PDSA cycles is used in the Model for Improvement, the rapid cycle model of change, and the collaborative approach (Langley et al 2009, 1992; Institute for Healthcare Improvement 2003). In contrast with small PDSA schemes within a team or organisation, the collaborative approach uses multiple PDSA cycles within separate organisations, whilst aiming for improvement in a shared area of care: The PDSA model, when used within the model for improvement, or as a chain of cycles within a single team is a clear, simply understood, but powerful tool for implementing change, and improving quality. Its strength lies in its ability to be applied to small scale changes, but achieve significant results. From an organisational point of view, the relatively small amount of resource which is required to test each hypothesis makes this model very attractive. Processes can be studied with little disruption of everyday activity, and if the results are not favourable, learning can continue without significant loss to the organisation. In clinical processes, the PDSA cycle is an excellent tool for testing hypotheses, especially where evidence may be lacking and inaction seems inappropriate, but action without reflection sees un-wise (Berwick 1998) The smaller, more local focus of PDSA cycles, and small resource requirements make this model particularly accessible to staff of all levels, and as the engagement of frontline staff, and in particular doctors has been shown to be a key factor in the success of change in the healthcare setting, this is a major strength. (Greenhalgh et al 2004 and Øvretveit 2005) The incorporation of the PDSA cycle into wider schemes of change management brings additional complexity, and also invites additional problems. There have been varied results in the implementation of the collaborative approach within healthcare as a service improvement tool. Some studies report great success (Monteleoni and Clark 2004; Schonlau et al 2005) while others (Newton et al 2007) found that there were difficulties using the same model. The major difficulties identified were lack of adequate resources, the conceptual difficulties associated with the model, and poor leadership. A recent review concluded that there is currently no evidence about the long term results or cost effectiveness of collaboratives compared with other models. (Øvretveit 2002). Toyota Production System (TPS) / Lean One approach to service improvement which is being applied with growing enthusiasm within the NHS is Lean. Lean thinking and theory emerged from studies of the manufacturing processes at Toyota. The term was first used in the late 1980s and the approach grew in stature after the publication of The Machine that Changed the World (Womack et al 1990). Lean was not originally a single tool or approach, but instead was a philosophy to which all members of an organisation aligned themselves. This whole systems approach is probably now better recognised at the Toyota Production System (Liker 2003). The success of Lean/TPS has led to a proliferation of schemes which fall under the umbrella of Lean thinking but do not necessarily hold to the original principles. The TPS was developed in the 1950s in Japan, and was first published in English in 1977 by Sugimori et al. The system has been studied extensively, but many organisations, despite implementing the principles behind the TPS, have not achieved the efficiencies and quality that Toyota exhibit. (Spear and Bowen 1999). There have been many attempts to reduce the TPS to a method which can be applied in many settings, but as Sutherland and Bennett (2007) state, such a complex process cannot be adequately documented. They suggest that instead, to understand the system, one must learn from mentors, much like a child learns and forms habits from their parents. Liker (2003) sets out 14 principles of the TPS, but for the purposes of this assignment, three will be examined: 1. The thorough elimination of waste (muda) 2. Jidoka or the primacy of quality 3. Kaizen continuous incremental improvement Ohno (1988) identifies 7 wastes (muda) which should be eliminated from any system. These are: Overproduction production of more than is required for immediate use Delay / Waiting any delay between the end of one process, and the start of another. Unnecessary transportation of materials Overprocessing using more energy than required for a given process, or exceeding the agreed specification Excess inventory any raw materials or work in progress in excess of customer requirements. Motion any unnecessary movement of workers, eg. reaching / stretching. Defects any process or work that results in unacceptable goods These wastes have immediate equivalents in most healthcare settings, and underpin a lot of the efforts in healthcare which are labelled as Lean. From these definitions many techniques for identifying waste have been developed. The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement (NHSIII) has developed a series of products known as the Productive Series which use the elimination of waste to improve healthcare. The tools used in the productive series are often taken directly from industry (NHSIII 2007), and include some elements which date back as far as the Scientific Methods described by Taylor (1911). Jidoka is defined by Toyota (2010) as automation with a human touch. When applied to a manufacturing context, this emerges as the principle that a process should continue unless a defect is noted. Once that defect has been detected, work should stop until the problem is solved. This principle ensures in manufacturing that if a machine or worker detects a problem, or a process issue, the line is stopped, a solution introduced and, vitally, incorporated into the standard workflow. In this way, the defect should not arise again. The early detection of defects on a production line, and the empowerment of workers to raise the alarm if defects occur also reduces waste. It is unfortunate that, although many principles of the TPS/Lean system are implemented in healthcare, it is often this concern for detecting problems and creating solutions which are incorporated into standard work which fails to be introduced. One reason cited for this area failing to be implemented is that clinical care c annot stop, in in this respect, clinicians feel methods for producing widgets cannot be applied to the art of healing (Wilson et al 2001). There are examples of where this concept has been introduced, into the healthcare environment, with clear evidence of improvements (Ballà © and Rà ©gnier 2007), but a recent paper argues that more could be done (Grout and Toussaint 2010) Kaizen is the culture of continuous, incremental improvements to a system (Imai 1986). This cultural philosophy of scientific experimentation, conducted at the lowest possible level in the organisation, is held up by Spear and Bowen (1999) as one of the key elements of the success of the TPS, and as a key stumbling block for others who seem unable to replicate Toyotas success. This philosophy, combined with other unwritten rules combine to create a community of scientists, who engage in experimentation to solve problems. These problems are often on a small scale, and the process closely follows the PDSA cycle. When this principle of widespread, incremental change is adopted across an organisation, with recognition of the value of tacit knowledge, it is possible for a learning organisation to emerge (Howells 1996). In conclusion, there are many approaches to leadership and service improvement which are being used in the healthcare setting today. Use of an adaptive model, which allows a leader to change management style depending on the team they are leading, and the task in hand, is most appropriate for leaders of modern medical teams, in a large part due to the very flexible nature of the teams involved. The application of industrial quality improvement techniques to healthcare has great potential, and successful trials have been conducted. However, a common feature discussed in analyses of obstacles to implementation is the engagement of medical professionals. Through the use of effective leadership, and engagement of these key stakeholders, it is possible to lay the foundations for a learning organisation. A learning culture which is open to the possibilities of change through quality improvement strategies will ultimately be the most fertile environment in which to implement change for a be tter quality of care.